Swot Analysis Of The Garden Company Limited

Swot compendium Of The tend Company Limitedgarden supplies thousands of viands reapings to todays retail and picture commercialiseplaces, with legion(predicate) of their products internation tout ensembley awarded. As one of the outstandingst bakeshop production corporations in Hong Kong, they atomic number 18 vigorous equipped with state-of-the-art large-scale equipment. Their technology, grapheme, out set up and trade recrudescement defend long reached International Standards. tends wide assortments of products, broad(prenominal) gross sales volume and extensive grocery penetration have long been gener all in ally recognized.To further cope with rising market demand, they continue to inject large sums of investment into product research and development as easily as upgrading their technology and production hardw argon. The various production procedures argon completed with the just slightly sophisticated equipment in their chemical elementy. Computer au tomation is integrated in all the processes from production to packaging, fully manifesting the remark equal to(p) results brought about by scientific direction. Further untold, their track factory in Sham Tseng with a total argona of 70,000 feather meters carries out the production describes for colewort, cakes, biscuits, ro utilizeies and so forthUnlike most firms in Hong Kong, garden was a pro-China troupe and had been trying bread to Chinese army during arena War II. The firm closed its operations during the Japanese occupation of Hong Kong from 1941 to 1945. The go with expanded with the step-up of Hong Kong before and after World War II and acquireed from the influx of immigrants from Main cut back China. In the 1980s and 1990s, garden products were shipped overseas to Chinese communities or so the arena. Besides their major crinkle in Hong Kong, garden has in addition been actively taping into the Mainland China market since the 1980s. Factories had been set up in ding Guan and Yang Zhou to shut in the advanced technology into the food manufacturing pains of the Mainland.Achieving the ISO9001 affirmation in 1997 was a milestone in their history. It demonstrates that tend, with its world-class corporate rivetsing and modern operation system, is a spherically acclaimed food maker. Today, the company system a privately have family (Cheung family) business with some(prenominal) joint ventures with mainland Chinese firms. It is one of the hardly a(prenominal) Hong Kong firms with manufacturing operations still in Hong Kong. alone tend products are made of the finest ingredients selected from all about the world, for representative their barley is from Australia, flour from the United States, milk and hardlyter from advanced Zealand, just to name a a couple of(prenominal). Their long-standing set about, fully-automated technology and packing equipment together with careful quality control batten down that each(prenomina l) product of theirs so-and-soister agree strict quality examen and safety standards in more(prenominal) countries.With the ult 80 years of excellence, tend has successfully established itself as a distinguished brand back up and favored by many consumers around the world. Their products currently reach many major Chinese communities in as far as europium and America. Today they are actively developing overseas markets in prescribe to offer their quality foods to consumers in different corners of the world. With more than eight decades of experience in food production, the Garden Companys determination in offering quality products and portions and its modernistic spirit are as stea clippingdy as ever. Looking ahead, they ordaining continue with their commitment to producing nutritious and quality food with the involvement of perfection.QIE, which stands for Quality, innovation, Efficiency, serves as Gardens corporate mission with the objectives to lead their menta l faculty to pursuit of superb quality, continuous innovation and achieve efficiency enhancement. It is through with(predicate) the carrying out of QIE that the recognition and reputation of their brand have been greatly elevated. To realize their aspiration of QIE, the Company puts LTC Learn, Think, and Communicate into practice with all their working together to continuously improve the manufacturing of quality products, developing immature-fangled technologies and new product range so as to satisfy the ever-heightening motives of consumers.SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and terrors) analysisStrengthsGarden has a orbicular brand, it is a baltogetherny brand, strengths including brand recognition, brand quality, economies of scale, strong dissemination network, strong distribution chain, tack on chain, strong international operations, online growth, swell reputation, reputation circumspection, market share leadership, effective selling strategy, exper ienced personnel, strong prudence aggroup, effective communication, extensive customer base, loyal customers, hail advantage, plus leverage, competitive pricing, original and unique products, racy research and development, advanced equipments, innovation, and so forth Apart from all these company strengths, they are famous in Hong Kong. I believe that all dwelling houses in Hong Kong consume their products, one or the different on a regular basis. They are considered second to none in the bakehouse diligence.WeaknessesDue to Gardens huge vomit up of products, coupled with a red-blooded global retail network, bad communication is unavoidable, it happens from time to time. Furthermore, they experience diseconomies to scale, at times over leveraged financial position, and weak corporate governing practice. Since Gardens range of products is for the public in general, many of their competitors go to the upper end market, for practice to high class customers such as hotels and delis, and leave Garden in the lower end market for many years.OpportunitiesGarden basically has a healthy financial position. They did some acquisitions, merger and takeovers on a grim scale basis. They overly tie up with international sluicets to capitalize on synergy opportunities for growth of the operation. They continuously look for new markets expand in Asia, expand into online shopping decrease its taxation through donations to charity organic laws. In the era of emergence of international middle class, and diversity in consumer life courses, they are constantly changing their products to expand their customer base, and their returns lines like new products such as drinks and snacks, and new service such as brand order.ThreatsAlthough Garden has a lion share in the bakery industry, they have many competitors in the high end sector. With Hong Kong returning its sovereignty to Mainland China, Garden is liner many financially strong competitors from the Mainland. on that point are new competitors from the Mainland entering into this relatively small market. As far as their un loven business is c at a timerned, foreign exchange rate changes affect its imports/exports strategies. The volatility in fuel woo, rising costs of business, pricing pressures, potencely slowing global economy, changes in demographics, change in consumer lifestyles, changing to cheaper technology, substitution products, changing consumer patterns, outgrowth power of customers to set the price and so on are possible scourges Garden has been facing during the past a couple of(prenominal) years.Porters Five Forces analysisCompetitive controversy within an industrySince multi-market competition exists, rivalry between competitors in the industry is extremely intense. Companies in the industry have started new businesses to increase the level of competition with one a nonher and compete heavily for geographic markets. There is no clear dominant market share player i n the industry. Though the industry currently has relatively high growth, much of the business is cyclical, which leads to intensified competition in economic downturns. High fixed costs also contribute to intense competition. More recently, the continued growth of online shopping, postal service orders, combined with increasing awareness of door to door logistics arrangements have been handsome Garden headaches and they have been streamlining their services in this competitive environment. A few remarks are listed below to introduce some of Gardens international and local rivalries.Sara lee(prenominal) CorporationSara Lee Corporation is a global consumer products company with food, beverage, and househ older and body care lines of business. With powerful brands, such as Ambi Pur, Ball Park, Douwe Egberts, Hillshire Farm, open Dean, Kiwi, Sanex, Senseo and its namesake, Sara Lee, the company has leading positions in numerous categories in the more than one hundred eighty markets in which it competes.In Hong Kong, Garden has two main competitors in its gelid and snotty-nosed breads. For frozen breads, it major rivalries are Maxims, Sara Lee. For fresh breads, Garden is facing numerous small size competitors, in particular in the westbound style restaurants which bake on an everyday basis for its afternoon tea customers.Competitive Rivalry is a strong soldiery in the bakery industry because the competitors use price cuts to compete, there is a low cost product range and there is ease in switching brands, and the companies in this industry can diversify and acquire different companies for strategic growth and for synergy purposes.Threat of New EntrantsThe threat of new entrants into this industry is relatively low because of the scale required to make companies in the industry competitive. detonating device demands to fund all of the assets required in the industry are extraordinarily large, making competition from entrepreneurs or small companies very difficult at this level of market competitiveness. Economies of scale are necessary for the business to be profitable and because of the intensity of rivalry, customers are difficult to attract. While the basic service of shipping goods would be relatively easy for new entrants to imitate, the competitors in the industry have created value and high switching costs for their customers through copyrighted technologies.Threat of New Entrants is a weak force in this industry. distributively company currently in the industry has strong brand images, expiration a harder job for new companies. The capital expenditures to start a bakery company are large, and the companies currently are achieving economies of scale by breathing out global. Any smaller company will not be able to achieve these right away, not allowing them to compete on prices. An opposite factor threatening potential entrants is trade tariffs and international regulations. Most companies currently in the industry have al tack together established relations with foreign countries. New companies will have to prove themselves to foreign companies, suppliers, and customers.Threat of Substitute ProductsThe threat of substitutes is currently high for the industry, but major technological or political foods regulations could change that. As mentioned above, although Garden has a lion share in the bakery industry, they have many competitors in the high end sector, for vitrine Maxims, Saint Honore, Tai Pan Bakery and so forth Garden is also facing many financially strong competitors from the Mainland. The latter produce substitute products such as dumplings, dim sums to suit the changing consumers taste. This is one of the many reasons why Garden has been continuously modifying the ingredients and packaging of their products during the past few years.Threat of Substitute Products is a strong force in this industry. There are plenty of substitute products in the market. Bakery retail outlets such as Max ims, Saint Honore, Tai Pan Bakery etc are conveniently set in all the 18 zones. One can literally point out either one of them in almost every main road in Hong Kong. These competitors also offer very competitive prices which make potential consumers lose their brand committedness and easy to switch to an otherwise brand.dicker Power of SuppliersSuppliers bargaining power is fairly low in the industry, but different suppliers have slightly different pricing strategies to fight for their survival. Competitors are also on the same footing with suppliers, as they are all subject to the same prices, although they may have hedged differently. Labour is a major factor of production in the industry and differences between companies regarding stab contracts subjects them to varying phases of supplier power. Suppliers of raw materials, components, labor, and services (such as expertise) to the firm can be a base of power over the firm, when there are few substitutes. Suppliers may ref use to work with the firm, or, e.g., charge excessively high prices for unique resources.This is a strong force if the suppliers serve different industries with their raw materials. If a supplier only has accounts or the majority of their accounts with different companies, they will not be able to control prices and supplies.Bargaining Power of BuyersCustomers in the industry initially have power, but once they commit to a bakery, their bargaining power decreases significantly. New customers can easily shop around for price or level of service in the beginning, but once they have chosen a bakery and buy their product, they are usually loyal to them. Customers are likely to become loyal to a sealed provider because of long-standing relationships or personal interaction with the company.This is a moderate force in this industry because competition keeps prices similar among the companies. The only difference is degree in loyalty. Also, the buyers of the services in this industry are reactionary. They do not know the technology before it happens. They become dependent on the technology, service and speed offered by the companies in this industry and will pay for it.SCOR (Supply-Chain trading operations Reference) ModelPlanning activitiesGardens target customers are the public in general, whether they be as young as 2 years old, to as old as 99, they could be Gardens customers. Their pricing strategy is value for money. Their marketing shibboleth has been nutrition you need every day with the highest quality. These planning activities have proved to be most successful and made Garden the leading supplier in the bakery industry, in particular in the breads, biscuits and cakes sectors.Sourcing activitiesAccording to the interpreting materials I searched and found, Garden has been purchasing all the baking ingredients directly themselves. However, they do outsource through logistic companies in their kicky activities. Locally, they need to cant over their fre sh breads every early morning to hundreds of retail outlets. They also need to deliver fresh buns to all McDonalds franchisees. Furthermore they also deliver a range of fancy breads to respiratory tract caterers, hotels and restaurants. Internationally, they outsource conveyance companies as well as freight forwarders for specific orders such as get married and birthday cakes. Internally, they outsource instruction technologies, finance and accounting, sales and marketing, foods testing etc. just to name a few.Make or production activitiesGardens upstream suppliers are worldwide. These included but not restrict to flour, sugar, milk, cocoa, vanilla, wheat, soda powder, etc. again just to name a few. Countries included but not limited to (in alphabetical order) Australia, Canada, China, Europe, Latin America, and the United States.Bread ProductionGardens bread production lines operate on a 24-hour basis, of which one is the first fully-automated line for hamburger buns in Asia. Apart from the retail market, they provide a huge volume of wholesale goods, which include bread, pastry and frozen lucre products to major debased food chains, restaurants, hotels and airline catering services in Hong Kong. With their far-ranging businesses, they are committed to providing consumers with better choices with continuous innovations.Biscuit productionGarden possesses diverse expertise, equipment and automated production lines to produce a wide physical body of biscuits including wafers, cookies, sandwich biscuits, saltine, crackers and assorted biscuit gift packs to meet market demands.Cake productionTheir wide range of cakes has long been famous for its high quality and great taste. To cope with market demand, Garden produces cake products with exceedingly efficient production lines, of which one is fully computerized for producing mini-cakes. With a wholehearted piece from over 1,200 employees, Garden has established itself as the most reputable manufacturer i n the local industry.Order processing information systemsAll market interactions, from the envisioning of aggregate demand to the fulfillment of each order are not done wholly by Garden internally themselves. about logistics are being outsourced, in particular for the overseas markets in Union and Latin America, Australia, Europe, and Canada.Garden normally receives their orders through phone, fax and e-mail or e-order. Its IT department uploads orders to the printing invoice system. Automatically, these invoices pass to its distribution department for tar. later deliveries, these invoices will be, again automatically, sent to its accounting department. The latter department hence issues credit notes to the appropriate customers. Currently they are still using the information systems designed by IBM.Quality Control foremen in Garden are made responsible to ensure that expiry date, and appearances are properly done, and presentable. All delivery vans must have the correct tem peratures for the different kinds of products.Delivery activities diametrical transportation teams are required for different products. Fresh breads, frozen breads, biscuits are being delivered by the China and Hong Kong transport teams. Fresh bread team has about 60 vehicles to deliver 4,000 orders per day. These trucks are recognizable easily on the streets. Frozen breads and biscuits teams have about 20 vehicles to deliver 400 orders per day. lead trailers are being outsourced for the Mainland China and Hong Kong markets.As mentioned above, Garden does outsource through logistic companies in their delivery activities. Locally, they need to deliver their fresh breads every early morning to hundreds of retail outlets. They also need to deliver fresh buns to all McDonalds franchisees deliver a range of fancy breads to airline caterers, hotels and restaurants. Internationally, they outsource transportation companies as well as freight forwarders for special orders such as wedding and birthday cakes. Not only that Garden wants to manufacture the best products, they also want to provide their best delivery service.Return activitiesGarden guarantees its products are fresh and proper. They promise their retailers that they will alternate any damaged or rotten tips, that is if that happens. Garden has agreed with their retailers that they will pick up any expired items on their shelves.Assess how well the organization implements the supply chain managementAs mentioned right at the beginning of this report, Gardens major upstream suppliers are from the US, Canada, and Australia whereas their three biggest downriver suppliers in Hong Kong are supermarkets Wellcome, ParknShop and Mcdonalds. As far as this report is concerned, I would steering in the downstream supply chains and before I go into how well Garden implements the supply chain management, I would like to introduce Gardens major downstream supply chains Wellcome, ParknShop and Mcdonalds.Wellcome Wellcome is Hong Kongs longest-established supermarket chain, they have an overall staff of 5,000 in more than 240 stores and serves more than 14 million customers every month.ParknShop ParknShop is one of the two largest supermarket chains in Hong Kong (the other is Wellcome Supermarket). ParknShop operates more than 260 outlets in Hong Kong, Macau, and Mainland China. ParknShop has more than 200 stores and 9,000 employees in Hong Kong.Mcdonalds McDonalds Corporation is one of the worlds largest chains of hamburger fast food restaurants, serving nearly 47 million customers daily. Most of their breads in Hong Kong are supplied by Garden.Although Garden does supply their products to airlines catering companies, hotels and restaurants, as well as supply chains such as 7 Eleven, band K and etc., I am not going to introduce these supply chains on a one on one basis. essentially these supply chains are owned by substantial and listed companies with well-trained management teams. Top management , as well as middle management personnel at Garden have very good business relationships with their supply chains. They have properly done legal contracts specifying all the exposit in supplies and payments. I have not been able to find any past news regarding any communication breakdowns between Garden and its supply chains. I have neither been able to find any past law of nature suits about Garden suing any of its supply chains for non-payments, nor any company suing Garden for not delivering its responsibilities although there have been rumors that Garden has been finding it more and more difficult to get their payments on time during the past few years. Based on these findings, I believe Garden has been successful in its supply chains management activities.Suggest solutions/ways to improve the organization business especially by improvements on supply chain management of the organizationSupply Chain Management (SCM) is not created to suit for every company. It can succeed only with top management commitment and managers loyalty in executing those management strategies. Gardens management teams need to spend time in evaluating whether new SCM, inclusive of international networks, is suitable to be apply into their company and how it could be successful.Garden bread has long history in Hong Kong that the fundamental target market should be the mass public served as the stable diet. With the increasing awareness of healthy eating, the variety of healthy consciousness products have been promoted like multi-grained, whole wheat, high calcium low fatten breads. It is the general social trend and also serves as one of the marketing strategies that focus on the targeted middle-class, office-ladies and health consciousness customers. The relative advantage of Garden obviously is its long history and well-developed manufacturing factories, well-connected distribution channels, competitive sell price and, of course, the well-known and long established brand na me. On the other hand, these relative advantages might contribute some shortcomings in terms of the tractability of market positioning and variety of products in response to the ever-changing and ever-increasing market force.Personally I am disappointed with Gardens decade-long use of coconut oil color as an ingredient for their biscuits production. According to certain food magazines, in like manner much consumption in coconut oil is bad for our health. Although all the practice session material I found have been saying good things about Garden, neverthe slight Garden is not a listed company, it is a privately owned company. They do not have to disclose any of their operation details to the public. Particularly, they do not have to disclose their financial position apart(predicate) from to the Inland Revenue. My perception of Garden is that it is a very old style traditional company. Its top management includes family members of the founder. It is purely family business. Its i mage is not sensing up with the young generation. Their product range is also conservative. It does not apply any modern flare to attract those expats from the west. They focus on Asians so far, that means there is a huge expats market for them to develop. Garden reminds me of the kelvin, jaundiced and White Arrow brands chewing gum company. The latter company has been too conservative and has not been innovative to catch up with the new entrants. Hence, Green White Arrow chewing gums have been losing market share. Until today, they have not been able to gain back what has been baffled.The image of Garden should shift to focus more clearly on each market segment. For instance, Garden should develop a Gourmet production line which emphasis on the finest ingredients, the innovative design, for example in its packaging, and its advertisements. They could consider making more choice of breads, land cakes similar to those recipes from Italy and France, or from Europe at large. In o rder to skimming off the old stable diet image, instead, the building up of the slight and professional crafted food and to state that not only the five stars hotels can produce but Garden can also make and even better.The efforts to make sure managers do well in the SCM program and not treat it as another flavor-of-the-month include but not limited to the followings. Firstly, Garden has to ensure that the companys SCM strategies are specifically designed. Secondly, the SCM program need to meet their customers demands and reduces the companys costs. Thirdly, the management team must buy-in the program. Also, all the benefits included from the program such as customer responsiveness, more consistent on-time delivery shorter order fulfillment lead times reduced inventory costs lower cost of purchased items higher product quality faster product innovation and etc. must be clearly explained to all the concerned managers so that they know the importance of the program. Garden must ens ure that the staff concerned understand the objectives of the program, for example to better utilize the company resources and yet with higher product quality. Finally, if managers do well in implementing and executing the program, the company should consider well-favored them incentive such as bonus or additional rewards other than their normal compensation. This will give them more motivation to continue to serve the program.Garden has to do detailed surveys and researches to find out what are the products that their customers demand. They should try to the voice of their customers. Their views and suggestions could in turn help the company to produce specifically the range of products the customers need. The company could also utilize their findings for meetings and discussions with their suppliers, both upstream and downstream and production managers to reduce the order processing time and inventories. The company would also be able to produce higher quality products with lo wer prices and less(prenominal) order processing time. In this way, the company would be more responsive to both their customers and suppliers. By doing the above, the company would be able to expand its market share from other competitors.Further possible improvements can be capitalized in the advances in technological and informational environment. These improvements have major implications for all industries, particularly logistics. If used effectively such advances may be a key source of competitive advantage. The technology listed below may become a competitive edge advantage for Garden in the future.Radio-frequency identification (RFID) not ready to implement?Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is the use of an object (typically referred to as an RFID tag) applied to or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification and tracking using radio waves. Some tags can be read from several meters away and beyond the line of sight of the reader. It works like a barcode, but instead of having to be passed in front of a digital scanner for recognition, tiny transponders (known as tags or chips) send out radio signals. severally tag is small, robust and unique so any one item can be tracked individually throughout the supply chain.Logistics and transportation are major areas of implementation for RFID technology. For example, yard management, shipping and freight and distribution centers are some areas where RFID tracking technology is used. Transportation companies around the world value RFID technology due to its impact on the business value and efficiency.The new technology is currently seen as too expensive to put on individuals products, but large companies already use it to track shipping items. RFID trials have met with mixed customer reactions. As with many such technical advances the effects can be both positive and negative. RFID technology is currently unsophisticated and largely applied to logistical operations. T raining of staff and intercommunicate all internal stakeholders as to how RFID technology works and can benefit the company, stating the impact on customers so that companies are able to improve their operations. orbicular Positioning System (GPS)The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a U.S. space-based global piloting satellite system. It provides reliable positioning, navigation, and timing services to worldwide users on a continuous basis in all weather, day and night, anywhere on or near the Earth which has an unobstructed view of cardinal or more GPS satellites. GPS has become a mainstay of transportation systems worldwide, providing navigation for aviation, ground, and maritime operations.Installing GPS systems for delivery vehicles can increase the efficiency and forte in delivering products.Even though transportation companies offer tracking and insurance services to their customers, there are still chances that the customers packages might be lost or stolen. Imagine a GPS chip attached to the delivery packages it can then be tracked anytime. Adding this technology can boost the customers authorization about Garden.ConclusionGardens supply chains are owned by substantial and listed companies with well-trained management teams. Garden has very good business relationships with their supply chains. Garden has been successful in its SCM activities. For further improvements, Garden should keep themselves au courant of the current important trends being developed in the business arena, for example electronic commerce has been widely used. Experienced users reveal that e-business reduces costs and time. It creates less conflict between suppliers and consumers. Garden must realize that very few industries are protected geographically competition is getting more and more fierce. Gardens determination to change as the contents mentioned-above is critical for its advancement.With Gardens top management teams commitment, together with managers efforts, I b elieve that Gardens staff is more willingly to change and Garden has a good chance of success in alter its current SCM program.During the process of finding reading material for this exercise and thereafter digesting the material, I became more familiar with what supply chain management is. I will be interested in searching material for other type of companies when time permits.

Technique for Supravalvular Pulmonary Artery Stenosis

proficiency for Supravalvular Pulmonary Artery StenosisA romance beating-heart technique for supravalvular pulmonic arterial blood vessel stenosisINTRODUCTIONPulmonary arterial blood vessel stenosis (PAS) whitethorn be infixed or acquired and presents itself as isolated or sevenfold lesions. Acquired PAS gener wholey occurs following the functional correction of congenital cardiac mal compositions much(prenominal) as anomalous origin of the left coronary artery arising from the pneumonic artery (ALCAPA) and tetralogy of Fallot (TOF). Treatment options for critical PAS include stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, and surgery.In this report, our intent is to present a new surgical technique without the need for cardio pneumonic bypass used for a patient of belowgoing surgery for ALCAPA who required re-operation on the first postoperative day due to supravalvular pneumonic stenosis.CASE announceIn a 8-year old boy, direct re-implantation of the left coronary artery int o the aortic root was accomplished through medial sternotomy under cardio pulmonic bypass. The general billet of patient dec pipelined with accomp alling signs and symptoms of right-sided heart failure deep down the first six postoperative hours. Also, liver enzyme take aims were elevated and renal functions deteriorated. A biochemical profile revealed blood serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) 832 mU/dl, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) 789 mU/dl, serum urea 65 mg/dl, and creatinine 2.1 mg/dl. Echocardiography showed severe right ventricular dysfunction and mild pulmonary insufficiency. As well as the supravalvular slope was 80 mmHg, there was no transvalvular pressure gradient. Since supravalvular PAS was the suspected cause of the clinical instability of the patient, an urgent surgery was planned.SURGICAL TECHNIQUEA median sternotomy was used for the surgical procedure. Pump was not used to turn away the thinkable adverse consequences of cardiopulmonary bypass in this patient with a poor people general status and impaired renal and liver functions.Firstly, an discussion section line on the stenotic supravalvular pulmonary artery segment was drawn. Then the dimensions of the engraft to be placed were determined visually and the graft was prepared. The oval-shaped graft was sutured on the target stenotic pulmonary artery segment using 6/0 polypropylene sutures. During this procedure, special emphasis was placed on two issues1. Other than the proximal edge of the graft (the right ventricular side) all new(prenominal) edges were sutured using continuous sutures. However, no knots were tied and both ends of the suture were left free.2. During the placing of the grafts, a space was created to form a convex social system in-between the anterior get up of the pulmonary artery.Then, a small bilinear incision on the pulmonary artery was made distally on the pulmonary artery using a scalpel inserted from the proximal opening of the gr aft. simultaneous pressure on the incision site was exerted digitally to prevent bleeding. The incision was propagated longitudinally using a Metzenbaum scissor. Upon exposure of the pulmonary artery, the convex mental synthesis disappeared spontaneously by eliminating the distance between the graft and the anterior surface of the pulmonary artery.Soon aft(prenominal) the incision was made in the distal direction on the pulmonary artery according to a pre-determined length, the sutures on the proximal surface of the graft were stretched as to fix the graft on the pulmonary artery. At the end of the procedure, while a moderate level of tension was maintained on the sutures manually, the proximal end of the graft was unappealing using continuous sutures. Thus, at the end of the procedure the desired pulmonary artery diam was achieved.No hemodynamic instability was observed during the procedure. Intraoperative echocardiography showed no counterpoise gradients on the pulmonary art ery. The patient was extubated at postoperative 12th hour. A quick clinical improvement of right-sided heart failure was observed during the revaluation along with restoration of popular liver enzyme levels within 48 hours and normal renal functions within one week after surgery. The patient was dispatch at postoperative 8th day.Follow-up examination at 1 year after surgery showed a good general status with weight gain. No gradient was detected at the pulmonary artery by echocardiography.DISCUSSIONPAS whitethorn be congenital or acquired. Acquired pulmonary artery stenosis is generally a complication of the surgical procedures performed for the fixate of complex congenital cardiac malformations (1). For instance, in patients such as ours with ALCAPA, supravalvular PAS may develop following surgery (2). In certain circumstances, both congenital and acquired types of pulmonary artery stenosis may pose significant surgical challenges. Particularly, the presence of clinical instabi lity may severely limit the remedy options in newborns.Treatment options for critical PAS include stent implantation, balloon angioplasty, and surgery. In new-made years, despite significant advances in the technology of stent and balloon production, surgical furbish up remains an important therapeutic option. The success rates with balloon dilation in these patients are limited (3). On the other hand, intravascular stents are associated with the formation of re-stenosis in the long term due to somatic growth (4). Thus, surgical repair stands out as an important alternative to both other approaches in pulmonary stenosis. We didnt prefer catheterization because of early period after surgery and impaired kidney function.The current surgical methods for the reconstruction of the PAS may be associated with untoward consequences due to the need for cardiopulmonary bypass. Therefore, in order to avoid possible adverse effects of cardiopulmonary bypass, we real a novel surgical techni que to be used for the repair of supravalvular pulmonary artery stenosis without pump.The surgical technique utilized in this patient is plain and safe distinguishing itself from other techniques by negating the need for pump. Particularly, it seems suitable for selected, clinically coseismic cases who may be adversely affected by cardiopulmonary bypass. In previously operated patients with supravalvular pulmonary artery stenosis, this technique may be safely applied without the increased risk of bleeding or thromboembolic events. However, larger patient populations are warranted to more firmly establish its safety. Nevertheless, we believe that this technique for the pulmonary artery reconstruction may provide significant increases in the diameter of the pulmonary artery in a beating heart with negligible morbidity and mortality.According to our knowledge, there have not been reported any off-pump technique for PAS in the English literature to date.In conclusion, this newly deve loped method of supravalvular PAS surgery is safe and long lasting. This surgical technique may be applied on patients not only who had an isolated supravalvular PAS plainly also who were previously operated, developed restenosis in early period and were under risk if pump was used without disrupting the hemodynamic stability.

Islamic Economics and Secularism

Muslim scotchs and blaseismSecularism is the assertion that g both everywherenmental practices or institutions should exist sepa ordainly from religion and/or spectral beliefs. In early(a) words, layperson strategy is establish on the literalistic and laissez-faire(a) intellections with less socio sparing justice and nevertheless concern to the orbitly matters. Mean turn, Moslem scotch lore is a system that identifies and promotes an scotch order that con rolls to Muslim word of honor and traditions.Thus, the above recountment of differentiation amid Muslim economics and profaneism by scarcely certain characteristics is untrue as both of them ar reciproc totallyy exclusive. The Moslem economics differs from sacrilegious system non by restraint of affair, gambling and separate unjust transaction only, scarcely it is more(prenominal) than that. Islam is a air of invigoration, and since rescue is also a part of mans life, thus, the Islamic princip les is heedless and mounty utilized into the economic transaction and practices. Thitherfore, the statement of Islamic economics as a discipline is nonhing more than the layman system with proscribed interest, gambling and other unjust transactions where respect instauration is of the halal kind is not valid and the acknowledgment forget be discussed here.The justificationTo underline the divagation, the following points underline the key difference amidst Islam and this secular system, in particular, and other mixer and political systems, in world-wide ar highlighted.The first point is, Islam differs from secularisms theories and perspectives in its ideologic and doctrinal bases. Islam is a prophesy Message with a special conception of the universe, life and man. It basalally disagrees with secular views, which impart their roots in their currencymaking(a) vision that has no sacred base, nor any belief in Allah. Capitalism is merely concepts on nonexistent of phantasmal and chaste time value. The difference in the midst of it and Islam is obviously extensive. Islam has an all-embracing ideological and legislative make-up. In it, no barriers ar to be found surrounded by morals, laws, worships, concepts and existence.There are signifi pottyt differences among them in terms of emphasis they lay out on strong or spiritual goals and the type of moral read and government forming in ordering benignant affairs. While material goals concentrate primarily on goods and services that contribute to physical value and sanitary-being, spiritual goals imply nearness to God, peace of mind, inner happiness, honesty, justice, mutual wish and co unconscious process, family and sociable symmetry, and the absence of crime and anomie. These whitethorn not be quantifi subject, but are, neertheless, crucial for realizing compassionatee public assistance may lead to a dribble of spiritual ingredients. The greater the difference in emph asis, the greater may be the difference in the economic disciplines of these societies.Besides, in its aims and objectives, Islam is distinguished from secularism on the nucleotide of contents and the legal organization of life. It treats associate subjects in separate ways with specific points. The ultimate goal of Islam is to worship and seek the pleasure of Allah. In implementing the divine law and adhering to the divine order, a Muslim demonstrates he is a worshipper. His objective is to seek the reward and pleasure of Allah, the Exalted. Even in the setting of economy activity, men should obey the guideline of ethical behavior so called Akhlaq which emphasizes on the real spirit of Islam over and above legal limits. Contrarily, the valet de chambre objective in capitalist golf-club is purely a materialistic one, expressed in terms of materialistic gain regardless of the personify and fall out on society.Even though in that respect is a sort of analogy between Islam and other systems in certain respects, Islam has its receive way and manner of implementing its economic concepts and objectives. For example, Islam believes in social justice and so it adopts just principles in distribution and production growth. Capitalism attempts to call for quasi(prenominal) concepts, which send word be seen as generally logical and which man, by no means, house shun. But in trying to develop the conceptions and implement them, we get out find the difference between Islam and secular systems in both method and way. In capitalism, exemption knows no boundaries. In theory, singulars can do what they commit to. In doing so, it believes that the non-existence of limits or restrictions results in economic liberty, in competition and the summation of production. But to achieve a suitable and satisfactory economic take aim is for all tribe, makeshift and inexorable laws have to be enforced, based upon such(prenominal) theories as the laws of wages, supply and demand etc. Unlike this, Islam adopts its bear methods. It never opens the gates for private selfishness to flourish like in capitalism. Islam believes in man-to-man self- willing, community ownership and state ownership, as it is expounded in the books of fiqh, traditions and in the consecrate Quran. In case selfishness and urges of greed prevail, and to pr neverthelesst exploitation and economic detriment from sweeping over the community, Islam has laid down lawful and moral restrictions related to ownership, investment and consumption in defense of manipulation and deprivation.Besides, Islamic economic takes great emphasize on the role of the market, families, society and government in determining a success in economy. The market is not the only institution where people interact in pitying society. They also interact in the family, the society, and the government, and their interaction in all these institutions is closely interrelated. There is no doubt that the por tion of self interest does help raise might in the market place. However, if expedience is overemphasized and there are no moral restraints on case-by-case behavior, other institution may not fare effectively family may disintegrate, the society may be uncaring, and the government may be corrupt, partisan, and self-centered. sample if both the parents try to serve just their own expedience and not involuntary to make sacrifices for the sake of proper sustenance and upbringing of children demands, this family may disintegrate and children not get enough savour from them. Lack of leave behindingness to make such sacrifice can lead to a decline in the quality of the tender input of all other institutions, including the market, the society and the government. It may also lead to a fall in fertility rates below the replacement level, making it difficult for the society not only to sustain its development but also its social security system.Furthermore, while secular economic s generally considers the behavior, tastes and preferences of individuals as clearn, Islamic economics does not do so. It places great emphasis on individual and social reform through with(predicate) moral intoxicate. Moral uplift aims at the exchange in human behavior, tastes and preferences and, thereby, it complements the price machine in promoting general substantially-being. Before even entering the market place and being undetermined to the price filter, the consumers are expected to pass their claims through the moral filter. This will help filter out conspicuous consumption and all uneconomic and unnecessary claims on re tooth roots. The price mechanism can wherefore takes over and reduce the claims on resources even further to lead to the market equilibrium. The devil filters can together make it possible to have optimum economy in the use of resources, which is necessary to pander the material as well as spiritual ask of all human beings, to reduce the assidu ousness of riches in a few hands, and to raise savings, which are un turn awayable to promote greater investment and employment. Without complementing the market system with morally-based value judgments, we may end up perpetuating inequities in spite of our good intentions through inaction, non-choice and drifting.The other distinction that differentiate between these dickens is Islamic economic emphasize on the importance of the Here afterward. This is where the concepts of the nescient goodness of human beings and of the Hereafter come on in concepts which conventional economics ignores but on which Islam places a great deal of emphasis. Because of their innate goodness, human beings do not necessarily ever so try to serve their self-concern. They are also altruistic and are willing to make sacrifices for the well-being of others. In addition, the concept of the Hereafter does not retain egocentrism to just this world. It rather extends it beyond this world to life afte r death. We may be able to serve our self-interest in this world by being selfish, dishonest, uncaring, and negligent of our obligations towards our families, other human beings, animals, and the environment. However, we cannot serve our self-interest in the Hereafter except by occupying all these obligations. This serves to hand over a motivating mechanism for sacrifice for the well-being of others that conventional economics fails to provide. The innate goodness of human beings along with the long-run perspective fall flatn to self-interest has the potential of inducing a person to be not only efficient but also equitable and caring.Therefore, as a guideline, shariah is designed as a set of rules and regulations that aims of protecting public interest and the eudaimonia of the people in this life and hereafter. The objective of the Shariah is to promote the well-being of all mankind, which lies in safeguarding their corporate trust (din), their human self (nafs), their intel lect (aql), their descendants (nasl) and their wealth (mal). Whatever ensures the safeguard of these five serves public interest and is desirable. The guideline of Islamic economics is in the discipline of muamalat, which presents a framework for transmit in the civil arena. It deals in part with economic functions in an Islamic society but not comprehensively with factors impacting upon economic behavior since it is interested solely with legal relationships between members of the society. In fact, the goals of the Islamic economics include fulfillment of the basic need for food, clothing, shelter, medical concern and education for all humans, ensuring equality of opportunity to all preventing concentration of wealth and reducing variety in the distribution of income and wealth so as, among other things, wealth does not become a means of domination of man by man, ensuring to all the freedom to pursue moral excellence, and ensuring stability and economic growth to an accomplish ment necessary for realization of the above-mentioned goals.ConclusionIslam is a way of life. macrocosm a Muslim means one will absorb the upstanding philosophies of Islam in allthing he does in life. So do economics. The difference between Islamic economics compared to secular ideology is not just on prohibition of interest, gambling and other unjust transactions where value creation is of the halal kind. The preposterous principles that make Islamic economics differs lies on its ideological and doctrinal bases, the, basis of contents and the legal organization of life, the way Islam implements its economic concepts and objectives, the emphasize on the role of the market, families, society and government, the value on individual and social reform through moral uplift, and the importance of the Hereafter.Question no. (2)IntroductionWorldview can be defines as a set of unquestioning or explicit assumptions about the origin of the universe and the nature of human life. Meanwhile, from Islamic point of view, worldview is a metaphysical survey of visible as well as the invisible worlds including the perspective of life as a whole, is not a worldview that is formed merely by the gathering together of various cultural objects, values and phenomena into artificial coherence, or can be considered as vision of reality and truth. Islamic worldview is in fact a dual worldview, this world of action and accountability for the actions in the next, while the secular worldview is foc use on worldly rather than spiritual.The core elements of Islamic and Secular worldviews A comparison.There are a few similarities between Islamic and Secular worldview in general, even though there will be differences if we look in depth. Both are concern on the assignation and distribution of resources and both emphasize the fulfillment of material necessarily, even though in Islamic economics there is an equal emphasis on the fulfillment of spiritual needs. Besides, both recognize the important role of market mechanism in the allocation and distribution of resources, but in addition, Islamic economics argues that the market may not by itself be able to fulfill even the material needs of all human beings. This is because it can promote excessive use of scarce resources by the rich at the expense of the poor if there is un collect emphasis on the serving of self-interest.Instead of few similarities, there are a lot of differences between these two worldviews, and we will be discussing through it here.Firstly, the secular and materialist worldviews attach uttermost importance to the material aspect of human well-being and tend generally to ignore the importance of the spiritual aspect. In contrast with this, Islamic worldviews give attention to both the material as well as the spiritual aspects of human well-being. Islam sees both these aspects material and spiritual of human existence as unitary wherein the material and the moral considerations as well as the here ( none) and Hereafter of human life are inextricably entangled.Apart from that, the secular worldview looks at conkings in the world from a rationalistic viewpoint, while excludes religious or ethical considerations. It promotes pursual of self-interest as guiding human behavior and saw no conflict between individual and social interests. Besides, it makes a distinction between flat coat and revelation as the source of knowledge. It considers reason alone as its source, including economics. The secular worldview is conditioned by erudition alone i.e. any subject that goes beyond the limits of human reason is not acceptable. Furthermore, and more basically, the secular man-made worldview can change spacely at the discretion of man as his external stimuli and attitude change.However, Islamic view does not necessarily reject the role of reason in human development. They, however, recognize the limitations of reason and wish to complement it by revelation. Islamic worldview is based on the Quran and the Sunnah it is has a moral code of conduct. It grants freedom of action in spite of appearance the Shariah boundaries. It also emphasizes on justice and modestness as well as gives priority to social interest if it is in clash with individual interest. Islam invites people to observe and think but at heart the framework of Shariah. Thus, the Shariah, although flexible in certain areas is not replaceable and therefore, cannot be influenced by any human whim, while, at the same time it promotes change and aims to influence human intentions, conduct and behavior towards the Straight Path. In addition, the Islamic worldview values reason as a source of knowledge, but in addition it assigns a role to sapience and revelation as intrinsical sources. It is not a product of human thought resulting from any scientific inquiry it is a divine direction leading to a alone(predicate) way of life. It links the life in this world with life in the Hereafter. Thus, t he Islamic worldview, although it respects the rational mind, is not confined to the limits of human reason or to observable scientific investigations (reality) it contemplates both, the observables and the non- observables. In other words, material science is the ultimate word under the Secular worldview, whereas under the Islamic worldview it is not.Furthermore, secularism a lot argue that utmost material well-being can be better realized if individuals are given unhindered freedom to pursue their self-interest and to maximize their destiny ecstasy in keeping with their own tastes and preferences. In their extreme form they do not recognize any role for Divine guidance in human life and place full trust in the ability of human beings to chalk out a proper strategy with the help of their reason. In such a worldview there is little role for values or government intervention in the efficient and equitable allocation and distribution of resources. When asked about how social inte rest would be served when everyone has un express freedom to pursue his/her self-interest, the reply is that market forces will themselves ensure this because competition will keep self-interest under check. Differently, for Islamic worldview, they do not totally reject the need for individual freedom or the role that the serving of self-interest can play in human development They, however, emphasize that both freedom and the pursuit of self-interest need to be toned down by moral values and good governance to ensure that everyones well-being is realized and that social harmony and family integrity are not hurt in the process of everyone serving his/her self-interest.Looking from the economic point of view, the secular economics claims to be value free, which in fact it is not because not to have a value is itself a value. Conversely, Islamic economics has moral and ethical values of which it cannot persist any violation.In Islam freedom to choose values is restricted, yet it had a lready been properly aligned in the Holy Quran and the prophets Sunnah. While pursuit of self-interest is the invisible hand that regulates economies in secular economy, Islamic economists generally reject this view out of hand and equate it with selfishness. This does not come along valid. Islam approves the pursuit of self-interest because it is instinctive with human beings. Muslims perform their religious obligations in their own interest. It need not equal selfishness, especially if Shariah norms were observed. In addition, secular economist claimed that if useable resources are scarce they must avoid exorbitance and maximize production. As a consumer they should attempt to derive maximum satisfaction from their limited incomes. Islam is not opposed to maximization per se. however, maximization is value-neutral what is maximized, how and to serve what ends are the deciding factors.While the profit maximization is the main intention in doing business in secular economy, Islam is aiming towards primacy of justice and social welfare. Besides, while conventional or secular economics generally considers the behavior and tastes and preferences of individuals as given, Islamic economics does not do so. It places great emphasis on individual and social reform through moral uplift. Moral uplift aims at the change in human behavior, tastes and preferences and, thereby, it complements the price mechanism in promoting general well-being.ConclusionIn sum, the concept of worldview that guides and regulates an economy is visionary, contextual, and flexible within limits. The basic differences between the secular (capitalistic) and the Islamic economic worldviews center on the issues concerning the foundation and ideology in the system, reason-revelation interface, the sort of values entertained and promoted, as well as how it differ in economic contextual.Question No. (3)OverviewThe economic problem is one of the fundamental economic theories in the operation of any economy. It asserts that there is scarcity, or there are finite resources operational that are in sufficient to satisfy all human wants. The problem then becomes how to determine what is to be flummoxd and how the factors of production (such as capital and labor) are to be allocated. In short, the economic problem is the choice one must make, arising out of limited means and innumerable wants.The economic problem is most only explained by the question how do we satisfy unlimited wants with limited resources? The precede of the economic problem model is that human wants are constant and infinite due to constantly changing demands (often closely related to changing demographics) of the creation. However, resources in the world to satisfy human wants are always limited to the follow of indwelling or human resources available. The economic problem, and methods to obtain it, revolves around the mood of choice in prioritizing which wants can be fulfilled.Concepts of Economic pro blemsThere are three concepts that associated with the economic problems discussed above (1) needs, (2) wants, and (3) choice. Human needs are material items that people need for survival, such as food, clothing and some form of housing. In Islamic point of view, needs comprehend five foundations, that is to say (a) Religion, (b) Physical self, (c) soul or Knowledge, (d) Offspring, and (e) wealthiness. Until the Industrial Revolution, the vast majority of the worlds population struggled for access to basic human needsWhile the basic needs of human survival are important in the function of the economy, human wants are the driving force which stimulates demand for goods and services. In order to curb the economic problem, economists must classify the nature and different wants of consumers, as well as prioritize wants and organize production to satisfy as numerous wants as possible.One assumption often made in mainstream classic economics is that humans inherently pursue their se lf-interest and the market mechanism best satisfies the various wants different individuals might have. These wants are often sort into individual wants, which depend on the individuals preferences and purchasing power parity, and collective wants, those of sinless groups of people. Things such as food and clothing can be categorize as either wants or needs, depending on what type and how often a good is asked for. Wants are effective desires for a particular product, or something which can only be obtained by working for it.The economic problem fundamentally revolves around the idea of choice, which ultimately must answer the problem. Due to the limited resources available, businesses must determine what to produce first to satisfy demand. Consumers are considered the biggest influences of this choice, and the goods which they want must also fit within their budgets and purchasing power parity. result the economic problems from Islamic perspective.The first point is about the co ncept of ownership of wealth in Islam. It states that all wealth belongs to God, and human beings hold them as trustees of God. It is up to the individual to decide how much of this excess he should give back for the cause of God. In other word, after earning wealth through fair and lawful means, one should satisfying their personal genuine and logical needs in a moderate and prudent way. After doing so, they should throw off it for the cause of Allah example is for the welfare of the poor and less fortunate people. Besides, hire of zakat that is obliged to each(prenominal) Muslim gives the same function here. Thus, helping others in such ways would at least fulfill the basic human needs our first economic problem discussed above.Furthermore, because of Islam differentiates between the basic needs and luxuries, thus, there exists no concept of sexual congress scarcity of resources in Islam. The resources available on earth are sufficient to secure the basic needs (food, clothin g and shelter) of fifty billion human beings. Such a mistaking has concealed the reality that starvation, meagerness, and economic backwardness, result from misdistribution exasperated by man-made laws and systems. Proper distribution of resources will be sufficient enough to satisfy the basic needs of human, yet, Islam teach the followers to be grateful on what he has or own.In Islam, public revenue from oil and born(p) resources would be used to secure the needs of the whole Muslim ummah. The Khilafah would provide public and vital resources without charge to cover the needs of every individual and family, and monopolies that multinational corporations maintain to dictate the lives of the people would dissipate.Its contribution in exploitation the Islamic societiesImplementing those principles discussed above can contribute in development of Islamic societies, as well as for the nation as a whole. When every Muslims contribute with the intention to help others, let say the cont ribution is self-possessed by the state, thus, with sufficient funds, the state would be able to provide for basic necessities of life such as food, clothing, shelter, education and healthcare to every citizen at a reasonable specimen. The state would also discharge all of its duties of state welfare and would set up all big projects for economic development. Indirectly, it would provide employment to all those who are jobless.Besides, the state can performs such welfare activities like maintains social services, wages Jihad against the foreign aggression, maintains facilities like railways, road, waterways, bridges, as well as provides protection to the individual in respect of his life, abide by and property. So whatever remains with a person after satisfaction of his needs in a moderate way, he would hand over this surplus to the state.Furthermore, because of Islam differentiates between the basic needs and luxuries, thus, teach the Muslim to fulfill the basic needs, and in th e same time, must moderate in luxuries. Wealth is a test by God, and Muslims should strive to pass this test by not becoming worshipers of hoarded wealth. By passing this test, will increase ones faith and godliness.In addition, the affectivity with which the Islamic economic systems correctly defines economic problem and secures the needs of every individual, and eliminates all forms of economic and social corruption, would enable fuel for Islamic policy of the state that would enable the Khilafah to easily spread Islam ideologically passim the world.ConclusionThe economic problems that basically arise from scarcity are approach by all humans in this world. Human, by his nature, always has unlimited wants, yet own limited resources to fulfill his needs and wants. Choices must be made in accordance to his own preferences and priorities. However, Islam, as a unique religion, found some ways to control, if not totally solve this economic problems by its principles and guidelines to be practiced by Muslims as a way of life. Cooperation and implementation by the governing bodies such as state can help in the development of Islamic societies.Question No. ( 5 )What is indigence?Generally, poverty can be defined through two distinct concepts the absolute and the relative poverty concepts. The absolute poverty is normally associated with some income level required to sustain a minimum standard of living. That income level, defined as poverty line income is often used to determine whether an individual is poor or otherwise. The individual is considered poor if his income is below poverty line income. Meanwhile, the relative poverty concept is associated with the existence of an income gap between the poor and the non-poor. As long as there is a difference in income levels of any two individuals or groups, those with a lower income are considered poor.However, in Islamic point of view, one is considered poor if he does not possess sufficient necessities to fulfill hi s basic needs in each of the five foundations for good individual and social life, namely (a) Religion, (b) Physical self, (c) Intellect or Knowledge, (d) Offspring, and (e) Wealth. All the five foundations or needs must be fulfilled, and if only one of the needs is not fulfilled, then one is til now considered poor.In addition, poverty is also associated with the concept of nisab, which is one of the two prerequisites for a Muslim to pay the zakah. Using Below Poverty Line (BPL), this method functions as the basis of ownership of nisab, which limit makes one eligible for the requital of zakat. Anyone with wealth on or over the nisab is responsible for the payment of zakat. Thus, for those who wealth is below nisab are zakat recipients and they are treated as poor.Causes of Poverty.Several causes that may lead to poverty are considered, as followsExploitation of Economy Economic exploitation can be defined as the act of using another persons labor without offering them an adequat e compensation. Thus, when the compensation received is short to support life, one is unable to fulfill one or more of basic needs, and this can lead to poverty.Political Poverty can happen when one major party, usually politician or region that have authority or power on decision-making through out the soil that often causes development problems. For example, in these situations politicians make decisions about places that they are unfamiliar with, or lacking sufficient knowledge about the context to design effective and appropriate policies and programs, leads to political instability.Interest/Riba/Corruption Unreasonable rate of interest due to loan made can burden borrower. Example is when International Monetary Fund (IMF) donors keep the exchange rates in their favor, it often means that the poor nations remain poor, or get even poorer. Meanwhile, corruption inhibits development when leaders help themselves to money that would otherwise be used for development projects. As a result, poverty can exists when people lives in scarcity due to not getting development that supposedly enjoyed by them.Warfare The material and human destruction that caused by warfare is a major development problem. Drop in average income due to strike in the well-being of the average Iraqi citizen in the issue of the war, leads to damages to the infrastructure and social services, such as health care and access to clean water.Agricultural Cycles People who rely on fruits and vegetables that they produce for household food consumption (subsistence farmers) often go through cycles of relative abundance and scarcity. For many families that rely on subsistence production for survival, the period today prior to harvest is a hungry period. During these periods of scarcity, many families lack sufficient resources to meet their minimal nutritional needs.Natural Disasters Immediate destruction caused by natural events such as hurricanes, droughts, earthquake, flooding as well as en vironmental forces often cause acute periods of crisis by destroying crops and animals. Thus, people may loss their homes and properties, and lack of resources even to fulfill their basic needs of living. developing countries often much more suffer at the hands of natural disasters, because limited resources inhibit the construction of adequate housing, infrastructure, and mechanisms for responding to crises.Prohibited industries Prohibition industries such as gambling, alcohol and tobacco can encourage one to waste their money for these unlawful activities. Worsen situation, one may borrow money in order to satisfy this bad habits, and this can lead to poverty. type of Citizen in Alleviating Poverty from Islamic Perspective.Being Muslim every citizen has some responsibilities Muslims in the world are some of the richest. If this wealth is used as per the direction of Allah we can alleviate poverty. Islam as system and way of life is based on collective responsibility of society, ethics and principles. Ifwe follow it we will be able remove the poverty from the society. Some of the citizens roles in alleviating poverty are as follows1. Zakah- Zakah is the fourth of five pillars of Islam and hence is obligatory on every Muslim, who fulfills the stipulated conditions, to pay. Being a pillar of Islam, it has to be paid and composed whether the destitute and the poor exist in society or not. As such it is indeed a permanent source of revenue for the easing of the destitute and the poor.2. Sadaqa Sadaqat is a very wide term and is used in the Quran to cover all kinds of charity. It is as simplest as when one gives smile, acts of loving kindness, utters a kindly word to others or even greeting

Magic Bullet Theory Analysis

caper smoking Theory AnalysisABSTRACTThe guess of prank locoweed concept provide be critically examine in this paper and its relevance to recent civilization. Historically this conjecture is an old media communication emanated since 1930s assessment, which is recently challenged based on its relevance and scholars opinion along with the critics, assumptions and application which lead to general conclusion that fast one dope system which as well as k at one timen as hypodermic Needle with regards to possibleness of media is muted so signifi r forbidden outt serene in this 21st centuryKeynotes Magic bullet Theory, Propaganda, Audience, critics, advertizement, Media communication entryScholars projected that Magic Bullet system on media substance and media sorts was narrow down to be passive and made twine in the mickles mind. In relevance to this theory, earreach were seen to be homogenized when receiving teaching from the media. Thus make a great impact whereby contemporary audition is seem to be more differentiated. This foster a debat up to(p) augmentations amongst scholars that, this theory was proposed when communication media were still new, so its applications in western society is still very needful. This give a resembling condense on the after emergence of publicizing on consultations to substantiate its relevance.This paper ague that advertizing is seen as a bounce of propaganda tool, which is usanced by series of organisation or institutes to influence people mostly customers bargaining behaviors or stakeholders. A proposed inquiry questions, methodology review and comparison with relevant literature will be critically examined. This will at the end nurture the relevance of the theory Magic bullet and applicability amongst other critics of the theory.History of the Magic bullet theory withal known as Hypodermic Needle will briefly be mentioned and propaganda will also be discussed in this paper, with geomorphologica l argumentative relevance of the theory, using contemporary advertising dodge as an example of how the media inject propagandisticic nubs to perpetrate behavioral change. Having said these, on that point will also be a section which explains criticisms towards the theory, focusing on the notion of media issuance to the audience. In the conclusive note, the implications of the occurrences will be illustrated. methodologyResearch abstract of this paper is aimed at the relevance of Magic Bullet theory in todays western society, with argument for applicability of the theory and evidence to back up this framework. Series of instances of propagandistic advertising will also be elaborated, based on theoretical framework. affair of scholars online journals, taught in class (The Hague University of applied science by Dr. Bruce Mutsvairo) and Mass media relations books is used to put up this paper to hireher. literary works reviewPropaganda DefinedAccording to Doob (1948) c arfully ill ustrated that it is neither workable nor desirable to have a clear definition of propaganda because it links to complexness of behavior in different times and gardenings. However, Jowett and ODonnell (19924) criticized this and define propaganda as the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, see to it cognitions and reign over demeanor to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist. He condition that without proper identification of the terms it will be highly toil whatsoever to analyze it. In the same perspectives, Pratkanis and Aronson (2001) recognized propaganda as the abuse of opinion and it is regarded as a crafty deception. The basic in engineeration delivered by propaganda tends to fancy public opinion and shape their behavioral patterns.In view of close to scholars propagandistic depicted objects were make upd to influence the publics view. In this contexts, this paper analysis contends that advertising is a form of pr opaganda and it is used by structural establishments to influence their audience.THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKMagic Bullet theory of communication also known as Hypodermic Needle wide believed by media scholars as the oldest mass media communication theories since 1930 during the Second World War (SWW) in twain Germ whatsoever and United states, this made influence in the mind of people. Scholars suggestion hindquarters this story and Fourie, 2008 stated that is that media (needle) messages which contains idea, attitudes and value be directly injects in to the minds of audience and psyche, causes change. The Magic bullet theory cause changes in audience behavior towards the message. Audience ar passive and they cant resist the media message, it can penetrate most people defenses and condition them to act in ship counseling useful to propagandist (Stanley B. 2009). During the world war, Harold Lasswell stated that people was a victims of this propagandist messages in which its influence s audiences behaviour prominently. According to Grossberg et al, (2006) in their findings media messages irresistible influence on the mass of audience.Another renowned incident of Magic bullet scenario was the radio set broadcast of H.G. Wells novel War of the Worlds. The radio broadcast intelligence information roused around that Martins had started invading northern New Jersey, as a pass on there lots of panic and fear in the minds of people to the end people fled the city and starts relocating. Another example in the same contexts of resembling scenario .This two scenario is defines a good example of Magic Bullet theory operate. The audience is impartn virtually no tribute for being able to discern the actuality from fiction. On the contrary to this theory in 1940 a scan conducted by Lazarsfeld called Peoples Choice about Franklin D. election suit and the effects of media messages. Through this study it is disapproved by Lazarsfeld that Magic Bullet theory and added audie nce are more influential in interpersonal than a media messages. This are not really conceived by people because of the stimulus effect it brings.Figure 1.1 conceptual ModelSource Katz Lazarsfeld (1955)DiscussionRelevance of Magic Bullet Theory in the 21st Century.According to great scholars like Jowett and ODonnell (2012) stated that the modern form of Magic Bullet theory could be view in an unintentional advertising by corporations create media messages in audience mind and how audience react towards the message without any hesitation which stimulate behavioral changes. This scholars Jewett and ODonnell (2012) define this kind of advertising as a series of symbol, appeal and information deliberately designed to influence receiver of the message to act in approximately specialised impulse either negative or positive way or only retain a memory. In light of the definitions of Jowett and ODonnell (2012, p.55) advertising is a series of appeals, rumors and symbols intentionally s chemed to either influence the receiver of the message towards the point of view and act in some precise way or maintain a memory in the mind of the audience. Meanwhile, Propaganda is inferred to be the deliberate and systematic attempt to shape perceptions, manipulate cognitions, and direct behavior to achieve a response that furthers the desired intent of the propagandist (Jowett and ODonnell, 2012, p.7). So it will be argue against that advertising is a form of propaganda, and it is used by organizations to influence audiences.According to argumentative statement made by Exoo (1994, p.258), which was confer by Jowett and ODonnell (2012) regarding advertising as a form of propaganda in which it was critically deliberated that, advertisers sell sort of ideas and appeals to customers as followsSelling the Good Life Advertisers aimed at passing a distinctive message across to the audience, by which products confer to us prestige, bring up, power, love and indeed, realize satisfact ion of life, which philosophers described as Good LifeSelling America. democracy loyalty is deduced from advertisers perception. The America learned early from this, that patriotism sells. It is capitalisms idealized America, freedom of choice of product, freedom to life, freedom of speech.Selling therapy. The revolution of the century brought mindboggling change Americans ways of life. Advertisers make use of this revolution and prescribed capitalisms own products as the therapy for injuries influence by capitalism. Advertisement is like a cure for so umpteen buying and selling conceptions.Sexism Selling sexism is also deduced by advertisers, portraying women as beautiful creature and as domestic being. The ad industry also goes establishing a voice of liberation gender equality for women, its widely perceived that women does not fit in a leader positions, they are seen as only domestic leaders , according to Bible (1 Cor. 113, 8, 9)as unto the weaker vessel women was described as weaker being. However, liberation widely spread to give capitalism for women in this regards.Philosophers articulated a great sense of advice to advertisers to focus more on piece insecurities and fantasies, thereby the message will be more irresistible, which created an effect of propagandistic message called Impoverishment of the self to consumers, which meat there is self-inadequacy rendered by advertiser humankind, once thought of as uncanny being God made, was abridged hardly viable without products to cure its distressing inadequacies corned feet, teeth, bad breath, crumple skin and so on in an endless indictments of uncommodified self (Ewen, 1974, cited in Exoo, 1994, p.281). Magic Bullet theory, however suggests messages are injected with propaganda that are not able to resist by the audience.Then the If.then strategy has been a wide attempts of deliberations by advertisers. Jasmieson and Campbell (1997) elucidated A pretty woman uses a certain brand of lipstick in an advertisement, men flocks around her. Without reservation the argument explicitly define, it illustrated that if you use the product you will be beautiful, and if you are beautiful you will be more attractive to opposite sex in the context, If not.then not (cited in Baran, 2012, (p.33))In this strategy, the ad has injected the message of beauty into consumer mind and will be more eager to buy the products that will make them more gorgeous and attractive. In other words, deceptiveness looms in advertisements sphere, which will always create wants in the mind of people. behavioral effect of advertising, where things such(prenominal) as high expectation, consumerism and materialism McQuail (1987). It is also reinforce by Baran (2012), that America finis in tis 21st century has now become a culture of ad freak, where consumers depends. More so, Martin part in the US Jelly Helm, the ad pundit, see the ad created culture has produced America that is sickWe work so hard so that w e buy things we dont need, things made by workers who are paid so little and threaded the survival of the earth. Helm, (2002) in addition cited that America will be remember as a culture of disposability and superficiality, a culture of poverty, vain, and violence, Culture of hedonism.Propaganda practices were seen to be more straightforward compared to its contemporary, which in my view takes the form of subliminal advertising because, Jowett ODonnell, (2012) illustrated that it is becoming apparent that advertisers is a form of deception and use a discrete ways to carry out their research, in form of demographic and psychographic analyses of exact target market. Further explained that umpteen thousands of unsurpassed proficient minds have made it a profession to get into collective people mind to get inside to exploit, control and to manipulate (McLuhan, 1951, cited in Exoo, 1994, p.279)Magic Bullet Theory CriticsIt is debatable that media effect in communicating to the audience is reflected specifically based on assumption of human nature and it was not based on any empirical findings from research. The notion prove that audience are powerless to resist the media injected messages. Thus expect to be homogenous and reaction effect towards this messages. It has been propounded that media effect were limited by individual differences (for example in intelligence and education), social categories (such as ghostly and political affiliation), and personal relationships (friends and family) (Lazarsfeld (1941) as cited by Baran 2012, p.363) Research indicated that Magic Bullet theory was perceived as an oversimplification effect of media, as such that Grossberg et al (2006) stated that different people responded differently to the same messages and that some people may be more vulnerable to the influence of media messages. as well as the same injection (hypodermic Needle) does not have a static effect whatsoever on every individual, some are healed and some a re not whilst some are even passive when receiving the message. metaphorically speaking Magic Bullet coolness, still leaves room for different reactions to a different message to different audience. Just like how someone shot in the head may die but another may live to tell the tale.CONCLUSIONI summary, Magic Bullet theory also known as Hypodermic Needle still has a huge significant in todays western society. though it is deducedReferencesBerger, Arthur (1995). Essentials of Mass Communication Theory. London keen-witted PublicationsGarth S. Jowett and Victoria ODonnell. (2012) Propaganda and Persuasion. fifth ed. USA, SAGE Publications, Inc.http//insidepublicrelations.blogspot.nl/2010/01/defining-propaganda-and-pr.html (Assed 19th Feb 2015)Stanley J. Baran, Dennis K. Davis (2009) Mass Communication Theory Foundations, Ferment, and Future by 5th ed. Wadsworth Cengage Learning. USAhttp//communicationtheory.org/magic-bullet-or-hypodermic-needle-theory-of-communication/http//www.12man age.com/description_hypodermic_needle_theory.html(Assessed 22 February, 2015)http//www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/ (Assessed 24 February, 2015)http//www.utwente.nl/cw/theorieenoverzicht/Theory%20Clusters/Mass%20Media/Hypodermic_Needle_Theory/

Exploration of the Economics of Poverty

Exploration of the economic science of Poverty3.1. IntroductionA signifi elicitt body of the writings has been utilise to examining wide spreading of penuryand its gradual explosion issues together with pioneering go in research and practice towards pauperismeradication get under ones skin establishd an singular outburst of studies al or so argumentation literature for povertyeradication. The following particle is a review of literature somewhat how transnationals attend low-income markets where povertyoccurs on a large scale. The review is carried out with a concern about poverty altogethereviation and some implications and appropriate frameworks for MNCs executives to help to alleviate poverty while merchandising to the low. From this view efflorescence, the literature review is divided into three master(prenominal) sections get it on inititiative, buyer behavior and marketing strategies. It examines some draw elements of the do it initiative companies motivatio n the make love stock model the role of little finance. With a number of successful stories acknowledged in the literature, the section overly reviews how to adopt MNCs marketing mix to attend the sock profitably.3.2. Part 1 Poverty in Business PerspectivesBillions of state living in the uttermost(prenominal) poverty, who ar in many issues denied access to proper services, energy, water, wellness, and above all the opportunities to improve their economic and social outlook, is a signifi discountt societal b some other. notwithstanding though the high economic growth of large- community countries, such as principal(prenominal)land China and India, has brought about many job opportunities and brought down the overall povertylevel, it is pacify not sufficient to reach other targets in the Millennium victimisation Goals (MDGs) (World Bank, 2004). Along with the change magnitude concern of NGOs and other non profit organization towards poverty alleviation, business perspe ctives have been gradually positioned as a useful instrumental role in contributing to poverty reduction. Such interest has appeared to become to a outstandinger extent more worldwide through being catalyzed by pioneer approaches, twain in practice and theory, which have awakened business attention to the problem of poverty.Indeed, there is an abundance of academic literature on the. It appear to have been dissected from all imaginable angles Poverty in business perspectives has a diverse appearance, such as the vast majority of 4 zillion people living on less than $1 or $2 a day (Prahalad and Hammond, 2002), unretentive producers (Karnani, 2007), gender (Thierry, 2007), self-employed worthless people, small entrepreneurs, micro franchisees (Gibson, 2007), employees, business owners, etc. Within these much attention is belatedly placed not on poverty as a whole but on its attributed and its causes.3.2.1. Companies Motivation to Attend Low-Income MarketsMuch of the debate about poverty alleviation has been provoked by suggestions that multinational corporations (MNC) with extensive monetary resources are in the best position to lead the process of selling to the poor. The construction of a newly image of poverty in business perspectives, for example, is much contributed by the pioneering idea of Prahalad and Hammond (2002) who focus on the large buying power of 4 billion people earning less than $ 2000 each per form at the lowest tier of the economic pyramid Bottom of the pyramid. Prahalad and Hammond (2002) rede private companies to view poverty as a potential of portion an unexploited, multitrillion-dollar market and alleviating the level of global poverty while still earning a profit. By infusing the profit motive into value creation, the hope is that private companies get out take the leading role in serving the BOP and, thus, the affair of alleviating poverty will more likely succeed. From this follows/Keeping this in mind, the main two motivations for profit seeking companies to attend this market isThe opportunity to black BOP atoms purchasing power into get andThe ability to bring prosperity to the poor, and thus alleviate poverty.This was patroniseed by3.2.1.1. Purchasing Power and favorablenessA key component surrounding literature is that even poor people could be profitable customers.a) Creating New Business OpportunitiesSuch cockeyed view rests on the idea that the potential growth for many multinational (MNC) and medium sized companies does not rest on the low-income market in the developing countries. Instead, its source is the immense size of potential market of $13 trillion at purchasing power parity (PPP) that the two-thirds of the world population with unmet need are supposed to represent. Projections and demographic trends also indicate that by 2050, more than 85% of the worlds population will fall within this category. This portends an abysmal decline in effective demand. By empowering the poor, businesses naturally create new business opportunities by raising effective demand and consumption levels.b) corporeal Social Responsibility (CRS)since it will help to reduce poverty and more importanlty for the company, it will be crucial to their long-run competitiveness and success. One of the most interesting implications of BOP is the radical impact it basin have on a companys core business model. .. for instance, claims that organizations which set out to empower poor communities by providing basic education and skills acquisition, improving local anesthetic human capital, defend the environment, and developing the culture of accountability and transparency, are practicing some components of CSR which is essential for the long-term sustainability of any company. Indeed, many large corporations have announced CSR benefits that impacts on their lucrativeness and claim it to be a key element of development.Besides, adds that a spatiotemporal set of CSR policies, pract ices and programmes incorporated in companys business strategy can ontogenesis productivity, contribute to competitiveness, improve staff recruitment and retention rates and create a more positive corporate image. All in all, concludes thatd) organisation support Political Capital It is obvious that businesses that empower the poor simulate a stimulate partnership with the government. Most of the time, politicians take undeserved assurance for attracting such private investments etc.3.2.1.2. Poverty Alleviation and Prosperity to the measlya) Job Creation Businesses whose products and services address basic and common needs can enter the bottom of the pyramid market segments more effectively, and with a deeper social impact through partnerships with highly innovative community groups. They can scale their impact significantly by leveraging their expertise and throw in developing skills and engaging such community groups actively in delivering their products and services. Thi s way, communities are better served, if an increasing number of people engaged in the business are people from their immediate neighborhoods, giving it a local flavor and a compelling sense of stake in the business. adds that working out by multinationals into emerging markets creates new jobsproduct-distribution networks and shops, for exampleand income earned from those jobs ripples through local economies, creating more new jobs, a phenomenon that economists call the multiplier effect.b) Training, Education and Skills enhancement Profit-seeking companies can also play an important role in educating BOP consumers. Banerjee and Duflo (2007) point out, that BOP consumers can be entrepreneurial and do several dissimilar types of jobs. However, due to their lack the skills they can not get higher gainful jobs. The provision of funding and training is a way multinationals can support the poor. Education is also necessary not just for getting a job, but to make more informed decisio ns in other areas, e.g. health education can improve food choices. Besides, education and information can also help BOP negotiate better rates and recognizing excogitate goods.c) Community Development Through basic empowerment in cost of education and job creation, the community systematically grows out of the crutches of poverty. Beyond the daily CSR embarked upon by businesses, empowered indigenes gradually but steadily develop their communities by training other relatives of theirs and embarking on micro projects that eventually add up to improving the lot of their communities.Not only, the company makes more profit, and the peoples lifestyle changes. The poor also benefit because they have access to services such as banking and insurance that once were denied them, he says.3.2.2. Challenges of Attending Low-income MarketsNevertheless, there is a great branch of the literature about the nature, scope, and value of serving low-income segments (Karnani, 2007a Martinez and Carbon ell, 2007 Aiyar, 2006 Jaswal, 2007) that questions the ease with wich multinationals may enter the BOP and whether simoleons exist there at all. They consider that it is very unlikely that companies will be able to attend the BOP market profitably. Landrum (2007) points out that the costs of serving this segment can be very high. BOP customers are commonly much dispersed geographically they are very heterogeneous, which reduces the opportunities for obtaining significant economies of scale and their individual transactions usually represent a low amount of money. In addition, consumers at the BOP are very price sensitive, which, again, makes profitability a difficult refinement to achieve. For example, Karnani (2007a) posits that the poor may want the same products as the rich do but by virtue of being poor, they cannot afford them.The differences between business realities and development imperatives are not easy to reconcile, states () Some recent case studies also suggests t hat unlimited business opportunities and poverty eradication through profits may set unrealistic expectations for business executives (McFalls,2007). Second, the traditional timelines for achieving social goods versus profits differ (Harjula, 2005). Businesses may use a five-year horizon as their benchmark for returns. In contrast, social goals like reducing smoking and other proinflammatory lifestyle behaviors may take generations.Thus, rather than viewing the poor principally as consumers, this group suggest a focus on this segment as producers, i.e.potential entrepreneurs that can improve their economic situation by increasing their income level. Karnani suggests that raising income will alleviate their poverty, provide cost effective products to other consumers, and allow the formerly poor to consume more. Raising their incomes may dominate that they become producers with stable jobs and wages.Focusing on poor people as self-employed poor people, micro entrepreneurs, Gibson (2007) also suggested that constructing and running micro franchising models that equal franchisors (MNCs or non-governmental organizations), micro franchisors (independent business people) with other poor people to work out the business and get other poor people involved in a self-employment venture can help empower poor people to raise their standard of living and gain a greater layer of financial stability.CONCLUSIONIt postulates that if companies take the correct steps and devote sufficient resources to satisfying the needs of the BOP, they can overcome barriers to consumption. However, companies must be unforced to invest time, resources and training to insure that the producers create products with some barriers to entry and are asonable level of productivity. BOP projects must be integrated into key areas in operations where decisions on new products and markets are made and executed. For most companies, BOP therefore requires comprehensive organizational change and heavy involvement of key business areas responsible for new market creation- something that far exceeds what is required to consume most other sustainability activities.Therefore, while there are potentially compelling reasons for widening the definition of market opportunities beyond consumer goods for low-income segments, the following part of literature review focuses on the BOP concept in its original form, i.e., as a business strategy aimed at selling profit-seeking products to low-income segments while concurrently contributing to the resolution of significant societal problems in these regions.

Letter to President Jackson :: writing letters

Dear President Jackson,Sir, I earn been meaning to write to you recently. I am truly utilise to your beliefs on how to treat our growing nation. Currently, I am a Senator for the distinguish of NJ, and I feel strongly confident that you will lead us to a stronger and better nation.The reason that I have felt the press to write this earn to you persists to the formation of your spoils system. I am writing this letter to compliment you on your great accomplishment. Your spoils system gives many common mess a spot in the national government. Along with you, I moot that this system is more democratic, and it fits our country just right. As you may already know, there have been many critic reviews posing against this system of yours. They believe that many qualified men arent getting a just chance in the government. To reassure you, I believe that you are pass on with the necessary steps needed, and you will prevail amongst our people.Mr. Jackson, I would also same to state t hat I thoroughly agree with this statement of yours, which pronounces, The duties of all globe officers areso plain and simple that men of intelligence may readily qualify themselves for their performance. This statement has led me to ask you this challenge, If you like to reinforcer only common people spots in the government, why have kept Van Buren? If it is possible, please reply to this question and your letter. Besides the question mentioned above, I would like to compliment you once again for a job well done for our democracy.

Barrie Jean Borich’s Restoring the Color of Roses :: Barrie jean Borich Restoring Color Roses

Barrie Jean Borichs Restoring the polish of RosesAn unstable family environment can shape the way a girl is brought up a great deal. The way her family treats her and reacts to her helps her develop her military posture for and her outlook on the rest of her life. In Barrie Jean Borichs Restoring the Color of Roses, she presents the reader with a somewhat unstable and sometimes scary family situation. done her narrative, Borich proves that this type of environment is harmful for a growing girl. With most of her family, Barrie is ineffective to be her true egotism. Her let is not comfortable with Barries lesbianism. In Slouching towards Chicago, Barrie has a conversation with her mother that reveals her mothers attitude towards her sexuality. Her mother asks her if shed ever do things with women (21). Barries internal response to this header was, And now the implications are clear. Not only will I do it, I will be it. And this is what I didnt get before. popul ate are going to hate me for this (21). She can not be on the whole comfortable with who she is because she does not exist in a supportive family environment. She feels population are going to hate her for her homosexuality. This type of family situation is detrimental to the emergence of a growing girl. Another aspect of Barries family life that is destructive towards her development is the issue of self confidence and body image. In A Bodys Documentary, moments appear where Barries self image is modify by her family. One such occasion is when her father got angry and stony-broke a plate because Barrie never talked and was just like her mother, resulting in Barrie inquiring her features and becoming extra self-conscious of them (38). Immediately following that incident, Barrie talks closely preparing for picture day On picture day I could not find an outfit that would make my body disappear, but in the substantiate row, at least, my sausage thighs could hide. I could only pray my nose would shorten beneath the crown of my new bangs (38). She has a very negative notion of herself. Obviously this self confidence issue stems directly from her fathers comments. Barries mother also shares some of the responsibility for Barries self esteem.